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【Record on the Subject of Education XVIII】\n\nWhen plans are laid and good sought, it suffices to gain a small reputation, but not to move the masses. To draw near the worthy and embrace the distant suffices to move the masses, but not to transform the people. If a gentleman wishes to transform the people and perfect their customs, must he not proceed through learning?\nJade uncut does not become a vessel; a person unlearned does not know the Dao. Therefore, the ancient kings, when establishing states and ruling the people, placed teaching and learning first. The "Charge to Yue" says: "Keep in mind from beginning to end the constant dedication to learning." Is this not what is meant?\nThough there be fine dishes, if one does not eat them, one does not know their flavor; though there be the utmost Dao, if one does not learn it, one does not know its goodness. Therefore, after learning, one knows one's deficiencies; after teaching, one knows one's perplexities. Knowing deficiencies, one can then reflect upon oneself; knowing perplexities, one can then strengthen oneself. Hence it is said: Teaching and learning promote each other. The "Charge to Yue" says: "Teaching is half of learning." Is this not what is meant?\nIn ancient times, those who taught had schools in every home, academies in every district, institutions in every province, and universities in the capital. Students entered school every year, and examinations were held every other year. In the first year, they were examined on their ability to parse texts and discern aspirations; in the third year, on their diligence in study and harmony with peers; in the fifth year, on their broad learning and closeness to teachers; in the seventh year, on their discussion of learning and choice of friends—this was called minor attainment. In the ninth year, they knew categories and achieved comprehensive understanding, stood firm without wavering—this was called major attainment. Only then could they transform the people and improve customs; those nearby were delighted and persuaded, and those afar cherished them. This is the way of the great learning. The "Record" says: "The ant larvae constantly learn by example." Is this not what is meant?\nAt the commencement of great learning, one dons the leather cap and offers sacrificial vegetables, showing reverence for the Dao; one practices three pieces of the "Lesser Odes of Majesty," beginning with official duties; upon entering school, one drums and opens the book boxes, showing respect for one's studies; the cane and the rod are two instruments, used to maintain authority; before the great sacrifice, no inspections of learning are made, to allow students to roam freely in their aspirations; one observes at times but does not speak, to keep their minds focused; the young listen but do not question, for learning does not skip levels. These seven are the great principles of teaching. The "Record" says: "In all learning, officials first attend to their duties, and scholars first attend to their aspirations." Is this not what is meant?\nIn the teaching of great learning, timely instruction must have proper subjects, and periods of rest must have supplementary studies. Without learning to strum, one cannot settle the strings; without learning broad analogies, one cannot settle the "Odes"; without learning various duties, one cannot settle the rites; without cultivating one's arts, one cannot delight in learning. Therefore, the gentleman in his learning stores it, cultivates it, rests in it, and roams in it. In this way, he is at ease in his studies and close to his teacher, delights in his friends and trusts in the Dao. Thus, even when separated from teacher and companions, he does not turn back. The "Charge to Yue" says: "Respectfully and reverently, be ever diligent and timely; then your cultivation will come." Is this not what is meant?\nNowadays, teachers drone over their texts, multiply their questions, rush through advancement, without regard for what students can absorb. They cause people to act without sincerity, and teach without fully developing their abilities; their methods are contrary, and their demands are unreasonable. In this way, students conceal their learning and resent their teachers, suffer the difficulty and do not know its benefits. Though they complete their studies, they will quickly abandon them. Is not the failure of teaching due to this?\nThe methods of great learning: preventing before it occurs is called preparation; acting at the opportune moment is called timeliness; not overstepping stages in instruction is called order; mutual observation and emulation of goodness is called polishing. These four are the means by which teaching flourishes.\n……