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【Duke Yin, First Year】\n\nFirst year, spring, the king's first month.\nEven when there are no events, the first month is always recorded—this is to show care at the beginning. Why does it not say that the Duke assumed the throne? To fulfill the Duke's intention. How is it fulfilled? It says that the ruler did not take himself to be the Duke. Why did the ruler not take himself to be the Duke? Because he intended to yield to Duke Huan. Was yielding to Duke Huan correct? It is said: it was not correct. The Spring and Autumn Annals brings to completion the good in people, not their evil. If Duke Yin was not correct and yet it completes him, why? To condemn Duke Huan. Why condemn Duke Huan? Duke Yin intended to yield, but Duke Huan assassinated him—thus Duke Huan was evil. Duke Huan assassinated him, and Duke Yin yielded—thus Duke Yin was good. If he was good, then why is his action not considered correct? The Spring and Autumn Annals values righteousness over petty kindness, and follows the correct Way rather than deviant paths. A filial son extols the goodness of his father, not his father's faults. The former ruler's desire to give the state to Duke Huan was not correct—it was deviant. Nevertheless, since he had already overcome his deviant inclination and given it to Duke Yin, for Duke Yin to then probe the former ruler's deviant intention and thereupon yield to Duke Huan would be to complete the father's fault. Brothers are a natural bond of heaven. As a son, one receives from one's father; as a feudal lord, one receives from the sovereign. To abandon the natural bond of brothers and forget the sovereign and father, in order to practice petty kindness—this is called the petty path. As for Duke Yin, one may say he could lightly set aside a state of a thousand chariots, but as for treading the Way, he had not yet done so.\n○Third month, the Duke made a covenant with Zhu Yifu at Mei.\nWhat does "with" mean? It means the intention was from within our state. "Yi" is a courtesy name. "Fu" is like "tutor"—it is a fine appellation for a man. Why does it not say "the Viscount of Zhu"? Because in high antiquity Zhu was insignificant and had not yet been given a rank by the Zhou court. The day is not recorded because the covenant was later broken. Mei is a place name.\n○Summer, fifth month, the Earl of Zheng overcame Duan at Yan.\nWhat does "overcame" mean? It means ability. What ability? The ability to kill. Why does it not say "killed"? To show that Duan had followers and troops. Duan was the younger brother of the Earl of Zheng. How do we know he was his younger brother? When one kills a designated heir or a full younger brother, the text names the ruler; because it names the ruler, we know he was the younger brother. Duan was a younger brother, yet he is not called younger brother; he was a scion of the ruler, yet he is not called scion—this is to denigrate him. Duan had lost the proper way of a younger brother and son. It demeans Duan and even more so the Earl of Zheng. Why more so the Earl of Zheng? Because the Earl of Zheng had schemed and deliberated over a long time to bring about the killing. "At Yan" means it was distant—it is as if to say he took him from his mother's bosom and killed him—this is to condemn him severely. Then what should the Earl of Zheng have done? He should have pursued slowly and let the fugitive escape—this is the proper way of treating one's kin.\n○Autumn, seventh month, the Heavenly King sent steward Xuan to come and present funeral gifts for Duke Hui and Zhongzi.\nA mother is designated by her son's surname. Who was Zhongzi? She was the mother of Duke Hui and a concubine of Duke Xiao. According to ritual, presenting funeral gifts to a man's mother is permissible, but presenting them to a man's concubine is not permissible. The noble man accepted it because it could be declined in words, but the intention did not reach the proper occasion. What are funeral gifts? Horses for the hearse are called "feng"; garments and coverlets are called "sui"; cowrie shells and jade are called "han"; money and goods are called "fu."\n○Ninth month, [our ruler] made a covenant with men of Song at Su.\nWhat does "with" mean? Those within were of low rank; the men of Song were of low rank externally. Covenants between those of low rank do not record the day. Su is the name of a town.\n○Winter, twelfth month, Cai Bo came.\n"Came" means he came to pay court. Why does it not say "paid court"? Because feudal lords within the royal domain, without a mandate from the Son of Heaven, were not permitted to go out and meet with other feudal lords. It does not approve of his external relations, and therefore does not grant him the term "court visit." The bow of inquiry and the arrow of invitation do not leave the borders; dried meat gifts do not travel within the domain—because there is the Most Honored One, and one does not act as a second to him.\n○Gongzi Yishi died.\nWhen a great officer's death is recorded with the day, it is proper; when the day is not recorded, it is a mark of disapproval.\n\nSecond year, spring, the Duke met with the Rong at Qian.\n"Met" means the other side took the lead. The wise deliberate, the righteous act, the benevolent maintain—only with these three can one go out to meetings. Meeting with the Rong placed the Duke in danger.\n○Summer, fifth month, men of Ju entered Xiang.\n"Entered" means those within did not accept them. Xiang was our town.\n○Wu Gai led troops and entered Ji.\n"Entered" means those within did not accept them. Ji was a state. If one takes entering another's territory as one's aim, others will enter one's own as well. His surname is not recorded because he extinguished a state of the same clan—this is a denigration.\n○Autumn, eighth month, day Gengchen, the Duke made a covenant with the Rong at Tang.\n○Ninth month, Ji Lü came to receive the bride.\nReceiving the bride is a matter for the close kin. Sending a great officer was not proper. He is designated by his state's name because he came to have dealings with us—thus the noble man advances him.\n○Winter, tenth month, Bo Ji returned to Ji.\nAccording to ritual, when a woman marries it is called "returning"; when she comes back it is called "coming back to return"—she follows others. A woman at home is controlled by her father; once married, she is controlled by her husband; when her husband dies, she follows the eldest son. A woman does not act independently; she must always have someone to follow. Bo Ji returned to Ji—this appears to be an expression of independent action. Why? It is said: it was not independent action; our Bo Ji returned to Ji, and therefore it is recorded. Why does it not say "sent"? Because the way of receiving was too insignificant—there was nothing worth recording.\n○Ji Zibo and the Viscount of Ju made a covenant at Mi.\nSome say: Ji Zibo and the Viscount of Ju made a covenant together. Others say: because their ages were the same and their ranks were the same, Ji Zi was placed first with the title "Bo."\n○Twelfth month, day Yimao, the Lady Zishi passed away.\nWhen the Lady passes away, the place is not recorded. The Lady was the wife of Duke Yin. She died but her burial is not recorded—the duty of the Lady is to follow her lord.\n○Men of Zheng attacked Wei.\n\n……