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【Book 10: Xiang Dang】\n\nConfucius, in his village, appeared simple and sincere, as though he could not speak. When he was in the ancestral temple or at court, he spoke readily, but with caution. At court, when speaking with lower officials, he was straightforward and earnest. When speaking with high officials, he was respectful and composed. In the presence of his lord, he was reverent and attentive, yet at ease.\nWhen summoned by his lord to receive a guest, his countenance became serious and his steps brisk. He bowed to those standing with him, moving his hands to the left and right, and his robes, front and back, fluttered gracefully. When hastening forward, he moved as if with wings. When the guest departed, he would always report back, saying, "The guest no longer looks back."\nUpon entering the palace gate, he bowed low as if the gate were too low for him. He did not stand in the middle of the gateway, nor did he step on the threshold. Passing by the ruler's seat, his expression became serious and his steps quick, and his words seemed insufficient. Holding up the hem of his robe to ascend the hall, he bowed low, holding his breath as if not breathing. Upon leaving, descending one step, he relaxed his expression, appearing cheerful. At the bottom of the steps, he hastened forward, moving as if with wings. Returning to his place, he was reverent and attentive.\nWhen holding a jade tablet, he bowed low as if unable to bear its weight. Raising it, he held it as if making a bow; lowering it, he held it as if presenting it. His expression was as if in battle, his steps short and cautious, as if following a path. During the presentation of gifts, he appeared dignified; in private audiences, he was pleasant and at ease.\nA gentleman does not use dark purple or black for trimmings, nor red or purple for informal wear. In hot weather, he wears a fine or coarse hemp garment, but always puts an outer garment over it. Over a black robe, he wears a lambskin coat; over a white robe, he wears a fawnskin coat; over a yellow robe, he wears a fox-fur coat. His informal fur robe is long, with the right sleeve short. He must have a sleeping garment, which is half as long again as his body. He uses thick fox or badger fur for sitting mats. When not in mourning, there is no ornament he does not wear. Except for his ceremonial skirt, all his garments are cut down. He does not wear a lambskin coat or a black cap when visiting mourners. On the first day of the month, he must put on his court robes and present himself at court. When fasting, he must have a bright garment, made of cloth. During fasting, he must change his food and also change his dwelling place.\nHe did not dislike to have his rice finely cleaned, nor to have his minced meat cut quite small. He did not eat rice that had gone sour or fish and meat that were spoiled. He did not eat anything discolored or that smelled bad. He did not eat what was not cooked properly, nor what was out of season. He did not eat meat that was not cut properly, nor what was served without its proper sauce. Though there might be a large quantity of meat, he would not allow what he took to exceed the due proportion for the rice. It was only in wine that he laid down no limit for himself, but he did not allow himself to be confused by it. He did not partake of wine and dried meat bought in the market. He was never without ginger when he ate. He did not eat much. When he had been assisting at the prince's sacrifice, he did not keep the flesh which he received overnight. The flesh of his family sacrifice he did not keep over three days. If kept over three days, people could not eat it. When eating, he did not converse. When in bed, he did not speak. Although his food might be coarse rice and vegetable soup, he would offer a little of it in sacrifice with a grave, respectful air. If his mat was not straight, he did not sit on it.\nWhen the villagers were drinking together, upon those who carried staffs leaving, he left. When the villagers were going through their exorcising rites, he put on his court robes and stood on the eastern steps.\nWhen sending inquiries to another state, he bowed twice as he escorted the messenger away. When Kangzi sent him a present of medicine, he bowed and accepted it, saying, "I do not know it, I dare not taste it."\nThe stable being burned down, when he was at court, on his return he said, "Has any man been hurt?" He did not ask about the horses.\nWhen his prince sent him a gift of cooked food, he would adjust his mat, first taste it, and then give it away to others. When the prince sent him a gift of uncooked food, he would have it cooked, and then offer it to the ancestors. When the prince sent him a gift of a living animal, he would keep it alive. When he was in attendance on the prince at a meal, when the prince offered the sacrifice, he would taste the dishes first. When he was ill and the prince came to see him, he had his head to the east, made his court robes be spread over him, and drew his girdle across them. When the prince's order called him, without waiting for his carriage to be yoked, he went at once. When he entered the ancestral temple of the state, he asked about everything.\nWhen a friend died who had no relations to take care of him, he said, "I will see to his funeral." When a friend sent him a present, though it might be a carriage and horses, he did not bow. The only present for which he bowed was that of the flesh of sacrifice.\n...