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【Confucius at Home at Leisure, Chapter 29】\n\nConfucius was at home at leisure, and Zixia was attending upon him. Zixia said, "May I ask what the Odes mean by 'The gentle and kind gentleman is the parent of the people'? How can one be called the parent of the people?" Confucius said, "Indeed, to be the parent of the people, one must penetrate to the source of rites and music, thereby achieving the Five Extremes and practicing the Three Absences, so as to spread throughout the world. If there is calamity in any of the four directions, one must know of it beforehand. This is what is called being the parent of the people."\nZixia said, "I have heard about being the parent of the people; may I ask what is meant by the 'Five Extremes'?" Confucius said, "Where the will reaches, poetry reaches also. Where poetry reaches, rites reach also. Where rites reach, music reaches also. Where music reaches, sorrow reaches also. Sorrow and joy give birth to each other. Therefore, though one looks with clear eyes, one cannot see it; though one listens with inclined ears, one cannot hear it; yet the will and spirit fill heaven and earth. This is what is called the Five Extremes."\nZixia said, "I have heard about the Five Extremes; may I ask what is meant by the Three Absences?" Confucius said, "Music without sound, rites without form, and mourning without garments—these are called the Three Absences." Zixia said, "I have heard roughly about the Three Absences; may I ask which odes come closest to them?" Confucius said, "'Day and night he maintains his mandate with deep reverence'—this is music without sound. 'His dignified demeanor is graceful, beyond selection'—this is rites without form. 'When the common people have mourning, he hastens to rescue them'—this is mourning without garments."\nZixia said, "The words are great indeed! Beautiful! Abundant! Is that all there is to say?" Confucius said, "How could it be so? When the gentleman puts them into practice, there are still five developments." Zixia said, "What are they?" The Master said, "Music without sound—the will and spirit do not go against; rites without form—the dignified demeanor is leisurely; mourning without garments—inner compassion is deeply sorrowful. Music without sound—the will and spirit are already attained; rites without form—the dignified demeanor is reverent and careful; mourning without garments—it extends to the four states. Music without sound—the will and spirit are already followed; rites without form—the superior and inferior are in harmony; mourning without garments—it nourishes all nations. Music without sound—it is heard daily in the four directions; rites without form—it advances day by day and month by month; mourning without garments—pure virtue is most bright. Music without sound—the will and spirit are already aroused; rites without form—it extends to the four seas; mourning without garments—it extends to descendants."\n……