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【Yao Said, Chapter 20】\n\nYao said, "Oh! You, Shun, the heavenly mandate now rests upon your person. Hold fast to the Mean. If within the four seas there is distress and poverty, your heavenly revenue will come to a perpetual end." Shun also used these words in giving charge to Yu. He said, "I, your little son, Li, venture to sacrifice a black bull, and make this clear declaration before the Sovereign Lord of Heaven: The guilty one I dare not pardon. The ministers of the Lord, I do not keep hidden. The examination is in the Lord's mind. If I commit any offense, it is not to be attributed to the myriad regions. But if in the myriad regions there is offense, the offense rests with me." Zhou had great gifts, and the good were enriched. "Although he has his near relatives, they are not equal to my virtuous men. If the people have any faults, let them fall on me alone." He carefully attended to the weights and measures, examined the body of the laws, restored the discarded offices, and the government of the four quarters was carried on. He revived states that had been extinguished, restored families whose line of succession had been broken, and called to office those who had retired into obscurity, so that all the people under heaven gave their hearts to him. What he valued were the people, food, mourning, and sacrifices. By his generosity, he won all. By his sincerity, he made the people repose trust in him. By his earnest activity, his achievements were great. By his justice, all were delighted.\nZizhang asked Confucius, saying, "What must a man be like that he may be employed in government?" The Master said, "He who honors the five excellent things and banishes the four bad things may be employed in government." Zizhang said, "What are meant by the five excellent things?" The Master said, "When the man in authority is beneficent without great expenditure; when he lays tasks on the people without their repining; when he pursues what he desires without being covetous; when he maintains a dignified ease without being proud; when he is majestic without being fierce." Zizhang said, "What is meant by being beneficent without great expenditure?" The Master replied, "When the man in authority makes more beneficial to the people the things from which they naturally derive benefit—is not this being beneficent without great expenditure? When he chooses the labors which are proper, and makes them labor on them, who will repine? When his desires are set on benevolent government, and he secures it, who will accuse him of covetousness? Whether he has to do with many people or few, or with things great or small, he does not dare to indicate any disrespect—is not this to maintain a dignified ease without any pride? He adjusts his clothes and cap, and throws a dignity into his looks, so that, thus dignified, he is looked at with awe—is not this to be majestic without being fierce?" Zizhang then asked, "What are meant by the four bad things?" The Master said, "To put the people to death without having instructed them—this is called cruelty. To require from them, suddenly, the full tale of work, without having given them warning—this is called oppression. To issue orders as if without urgency, at first, and, when the time comes, to insist on them with severity—this is called injury. And, generally, in the giving pay or rewards to men, to do it in a stingy way—this is called acting the part of a mere official."\nConfucius said, "Without recognizing the ordinances of Heaven, it is impossible to be a superior man. Without an acquaintance with the rules of Propriety, it is impossible for the character to be established. Without knowing the force of words, it is impossible to know men."