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【Tan Gong I】\n\nAt the mourning rites for Gongyi Zhongzi, Tan Gong wore the mourning band of hemp. Zhongzi set aside his grandson and established his son as heir. Tan Gong said: "How is this? I have never heard of such a thing before." He hurried to Zifu Bozi, who stood on the right side of the gate, and said: "Zhongzi set aside his grandson and established his son as heir—why?" Bozi said: "Zhongzi is simply following the ancient way. In former times, King Wen set aside Bo Yikao and established King Wu; Weizi set aside his grandson Dun and established Yan. Thus Zhongzi is also following the ancient way." Ziyou asked Confucius about this, and Confucius said: "No. The grandson should be established."\nIn serving parents, one may conceal their faults but must not openly remonstrate against them; one attends to their needs without restriction, serving them diligently until death, and mourns for them with full mourning for three years. In serving a ruler, one may openly remonstrate but must not conceal faults; one attends to duties in an orderly manner, serving diligently until death, and mourns as if for a parent for three years. In serving a teacher, one neither openly remonstrates nor conceals faults; one attends without restriction, serving diligently until death, and mourns in one's heart for three years.\nJi Wuzi completed his bedchamber, and the Du family's burial was located beneath the western steps. They requested to be buried together with him, and he permitted it. They entered the house but dared not weep. Wuzi said: "Joint burial is not an ancient practice; since the Duke of Zhou, there has been no change to this. I permitted the great matter but not the small—how is this?" He ordered them to weep.\nWhen Zishang's mother died, he did not observe mourning for her. His disciples asked Zisi: "In former times, did your late father mourn for his divorced mother?" He said: "Yes." "Then why do you not have Bai observe mourning for her?" Zisi said: "In former times, my late father never erred from the Way. When the Way flourished, he followed it in flourishing; when the Way declined, he followed it in declining. Ji—how could I? She who was the wife of Ji is the mother of Bai; she who is not the wife of Ji is not the mother of Bai. Therefore, the Kong family's not mourning for divorced mothers began with Zisi."\nConfucius said: "To bow first and then knock the head to the ground—this is submissive and proper. To knock the head first and then bow—this is sincere and reverent. For the three-year mourning, I follow the sincere and reverent one."\nAfter Confucius had obtained the joint burial at Fang, he said: "I have heard that in antiquity they made graves but did not raise mounds. But now I, Qiu, am a man of the four directions, and it would not do to have no marker." Thereupon he raised a mound four feet high. Confucius returned first, and his disciples came later. A heavy rain arrived, and Confucius asked them: "Why are you so late?" They said: "The grave mound at Fang collapsed." Confucius did not answer, and they said it three times. Confucius, shedding tears, said: "I have heard that in antiquity they did not repair graves."\nConfucius wept for Zilu in the central courtyard. When someone came to offer condolences, the Master bowed to him. After the weeping, he summoned the messenger and asked about the circumstances. The messenger said: "He was made into mincemeat." Thereupon he ordered the mincemeat to be covered.\nZengzi said: "When a friend's grave has grass from the previous year, one no longer weeps for him."\nZisi said: "When mourning, after three days the body is encoffined. Everything that accompanies the body must be done with sincerity and faithfulness, so that there is no regret. After three months, the burial takes place. Everything that accompanies the coffin must be done with sincerity and faithfulness, so that there is no regret. Three years of mourning is considered the extreme limit, and after that one does not forget the deceased. Therefore the noble man has lifelong grief but no single day's calamity. Thus on the day of remembrance, he does not take pleasure."\nConfucius was orphaned young and did not know his father's grave. His mother was encoffined at the thoroughfare of Wufu. Those who saw it all thought it was a burial. Because he was so careful, it was in fact an encoffining. He asked the mother of Zou Manfu, and only then was he able to obtain the joint burial at Fang.\nWhen a neighbor has a mourning, one does not pound rice with a rhythmic song; when a village has an encoffining, one does not sing in the lane. The mourning cap is not adorned with a tassel.\nThe Yu clan used earthenware coffins; the Xia Hou clan surrounded them with bricks; the Yin people used inner and outer coffins; the Zhou people added walls and set up feather fans. The Zhou buried those who died young in their prime with the Yin people's inner and outer coffins, those who died in middle youth or lower youth with the Xia Hou clan's brick enclosure, and those who died before the age of mourning with the Yu clan's earthenware coffin.\nThe Xia Hou clan honored black. For major events, they performed the encoffining at dusk; for military affairs, they rode black horses; for sacrifices, they used black victims. The Yin people honored white. For major events, they performed the encoffining at midday; for military affairs, they rode white horses; for sacrifices, they used white victims. The Zhou people honored red. For major events, they performed the encoffining at sunrise; for military affairs, they rode red horses with white bellies; for sacrifices, they used red victims.\nWhen Duke Mu's mother died, he sent someone to ask Zengzi: "What should be done?" He replied: "Shen has heard from his father: 'The grief of weeping and wailing, the feelings expressed in the unhemmed and hemmed mourning garments, the food of gruel and porridge—from the Son of Heaven down, all are the same. The plain cloth curtain is the custom of Wei; the silk curtain is the custom of Lu.'"\nDuke Xian of Jin was about to kill his heir apparent, Shensheng. Gongzi Chong'er said to him: "Why do you not make your intentions known to the Duke?" The heir apparent said: "I cannot. The Duke is content with Li Ji—this would wound the Duke's heart." Chong'er said: "Then why not leave?" The heir apparent said: "I cannot. The Duke would say I intended to assassinate him. Is there any state in the world without a father? Where could I go?" He sent someone to bid farewell to Hutuo, saying: "Shensheng has committed an offense—he did not heed your words, and so has come to death. Shensheng does not dare to begrudge his death. Nevertheless, our lord is old, his son is young, and the state is beset with difficulties. If you do not come forth to plan for our lord, and if you do come forth to plan for our lord, Shensheng will receive your favor and die." He bowed twice and knocked his head to the ground, and then died. For this reason he was called the Reverent Heir Apparent.\nA man of Lu sang in the evening after completing the mourning of one year. Zilu laughed at him. The Master said: "You, Qiu—your reproach of others never ends! The three-year mourning is already long enough." When Zilu left, the Master said: "How much longer was it? If he had waited another month, it would have been proper."\nDuke Zhuang of Lu fought against the men of Song at Chengqiu. Xian Benfu drove the chariot, and Bu Guo served as the warrior on the right. The horses were startled, and the formation was broken. The Duke fell, and the assistant chariot handed him the reins. The Duke said: "I did not consult the divination beforehand." Xian Benfu said: "On other days we did not lose the battle, but today we lost—this is a lack of courage." Thereupon he died in the fight. When the groom bathed the horses, there was a stray arrow in the white flesh. The Duke said: "This was not his fault." Thereupon he composed a eulogy for him. The practice of composing eulogies for officers began from this time.\n……