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【Black Robes, Chapter Thirty-Three】\n\nThe Master said: "When the ruler is easy to serve and the subjects are easy to understand, then punishments will not be troublesome." The Master said: "If one loves the worthy as in 'Black Robes' and hates the wicked as in 'Xiang Bo,' then titles will not be debased and the people will aspire to goodness; punishments need not be applied and the people will all submit. The Greater Odes say: 'Pattern yourself after King Wen, and the myriad states will trust you.'" The Master said: "For the people, if you teach them with virtue and regulate them with propriety, they will have hearts that turn to good; if you teach them with governance and regulate them with punishments, they will have hearts that seek to evade. Therefore, one who rules the people should love them as sons, and the people will draw near; bind them with trust, and the people will not betray; approach them with reverence, and the people will have hearts of deference. The 'Punishments of Fu' say: 'The Miao people refused to use good commands, so they were controlled with punishments, creating five cruel punishments and calling it law. Thus the people had evil virtues, and their line was cut off.'"\nThe Master said: "When subordinates serve their superiors, they do not follow their commands but follow their actions. If the superior likes a thing, those below will surely exceed him in it. Therefore, what the superior likes and dislikes must not be taken lightly, for he is the model for the people." The Master said: "When Yu stood for three years, the people achieved benevolence through him—how could they all have been inherently benevolent? The Odes say: 'Majestic is Master Yin; the people all look to you.' The 'Punishments of Fu' say: 'When one man has blessings, the myriad people rely on them.' The Greater Odes say: 'The trust of King Cheng is the pattern for all under heaven.'" The Master said: "If the superior loves benevolence, then those below will strive to be first in benevolence. Therefore, one who leads the people should make his will clear, teach with integrity, honor benevolence, and love the people as sons; then the people will exert themselves to please him. The Odes say: 'With virtuous conduct as a restraint, the four quarters follow him.'"\nThe Master said: "When the king's words are like silk, their issuance is like cord; when the king's words are like cord, their issuance is like rope. Therefore, great men do not advocate idle speech. What can be spoken but not practiced—the gentleman does not speak it; what can be practiced but not spoken—the gentleman does not do it. Then the people's words will not endanger their deeds, nor their deeds endanger their words. The Odes say: 'Be careful and proper in your demeanor, and do not err in your bearing.'" The Master said: "The gentleman guides people with words and restrains them with deeds. Therefore, in speech one must consider its end, and in deeds one must examine its flaws; then the people will be careful in speech and cautious in deeds. The Odes say: 'Be careful in your speech, and reverent in your dignity.' The Greater Odes say: 'Solemn is King Wen, radiant in reverent stillness.'"\nThe Master said: "One who leads the people should not vary his attire, and should be composed and constant, to unify his people; then the people's virtue will be single. The Odes say: 'Those gentlemen of the capital, with yellow fox-fur robes, their demeanor unchanging, their speech patterned, returning to Zhou, the hope of all the people.'" The Master said: "When the superior can be known at a glance, and the subordinate can be described and remembered, then the ruler will not doubt his ministers, and the ministers will not be confused about their ruler. The 'Yin Ji' say: 'I, Yin, and Tang both possessed single virtue.' The Odes say: 'The good man and gentleman, his bearing is without error.'"\nThe Master said: "One who holds a state should make righteousness clear and condemn evil, to show the people generosity; then the people's hearts will not be divided. The Odes say: 'Be still in your position, and love what is upright.'" The Master said: "If the superior is doubtful, the people will be confused; if those below are hard to understand, the ruler will labor. Therefore, one who rules the people should make clear what is good to show the people's customs, and be cautious in what he hates to guard against the people's excesses; then the people will not be confused. If ministers model their conduct, do not stress words, do not reach for what cannot be attained, and do not trouble others with what they do not know, then the ruler will not labor. The Odes say: 'God is contrary, and the people below are utterly distressed.' Xiao Ya says: 'Not in their service, but in the king's toil.'"\n……