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【The Twelfth Book of the Mourning Rites: The Mourning Rites of a Scholar-Official】\n\nThe mourning rites for a scholar-official. When he dies in the main chamber, he is covered with the burial shroud. One summoner, wearing the dark ceremonial cap and robes, pins the skirt to the upper garment, carries it over his left shoulder, and tucks the collar into his sash. He ascends from the front eastern eave, reaches the center of the roof, faces north, and waves the garment, calling out: "Alas, O so-and-so, return!" Three times he calls, then lowers the garment from the front. It is received in a basket, and he descends by the eastern steps to lay the garment over the corpse. The summoner then descends from the rear western eave.\nThe teeth are wedged apart with a horn ladle. The feet are secured with the swallow-feast table. Offerings of dried meat, pickled vegetables, and sweet wine are set out. They are carried up the eastern steps and placed to the east of the corpse. The hall is then screened off.\nThereupon, the death is announced to the ruler. The chief mourner stands to the east of the western steps, facing south, to dispatch the messenger, and bows to see him off. If there are guests, he bows to them as well.\nHe then enters and sits to the east of the bed. The other male relatives stand behind him, facing west. The women sit flanking the bed, facing east. Close kin remain in the chamber. The other women stand outside the door, facing north, and the other brothers stand below the hall, facing north.\nThe ruler sends a messenger to offer condolences. The screen is removed. The chief mourner goes out to meet him outside the inner gate. Seeing the guest, he does not weep but enters first and stands to the right of the gate, facing north. The mourner enters, ascends by the western steps, and faces east. The chief mourner advances to the middle of the courtyard, and the mourner delivers the ruler's message. The chief mourner weeps, bows with his forehead to the ground, and performs the leap of grief. The guest departs, and the chief mourner bows to see him off outside the outer gate.\nThe ruler sends a messenger to present grave goods. The screen is removed. The chief mourner acts as before. The presenter holds the collar in his left hand and the waist in his right, enters, ascends, and delivers the message. The chief mourner bows as before. The presenter enters, lays the garments on the corpse, and departs. The chief mourner bows to see him off as before. Only on the ruler's command does he go out, ascending and descending by the western steps. He then bows to the guests; if there are high officials, he bows to each individually. He takes his position below the western steps, facing east, and does not leap. Even if the high officials do not decline, he enters.\nIf close kin present grave goods, they do not send a messenger but bring them directly to the display. If younger brothers present them, they send someone to announce it in the chamber, and the chief mourner bows in his place, and the garments are laid on the bed to the east of the corpse. If friends present them, they come forward in person, and the chief mourner bows; the garments are laid as before, and they withdraw, weeping but not leaping. Those who remove the garments take them up as when they were presented and carry them to the side chamber.\nFor the inscription banner, each is made according to one's rank. If there is none, then black cloth is used, half a breadth in length, with a red hem at the end a full breadth in length and three inches wide. The inscription is written on the end: "The bier of so-and-so of such-and-such clan." The bamboo pole is three feet long and is placed to the west of the eaves by the steps.\nThe field officer digs a pit between the steps, slightly to the west. A furnace is built beneath the western wall, facing east. New basins, trays, jars, a discarded earthenware vessel, and a set of tripod cauldrons are all washed and placed below the western steps.\nThe garments for dressing the corpse are laid out in the side chamber, with the collars facing west, arranged from south to north, not in a continuous fold. The bright garment is made of cloth. The hairpin is of mulberry wood, four inches long, with a cord through the middle. The cloth kerchief is a full breadth in circumference, without an opening. The face cover is of fine white silk, a full breadth in width and five feet long, with the ends split. The ear plugs are of white floss silk. The eye cover is of black silk, one foot two inches square, with a red lining, stuffed, and fastened with cords. The hand coverings are of dark silk with a light red lining, one foot two inches long and five inches wide, with a seam allowance of one inch at the sides, stuffed, and fastened with cords. The thumb ring is of fine jujube wood or wild jujube wood, with a cord fastening, and two floss silk pads. The shroud has a dark upper part, reaching level with the hands, and a red lower part that covers the feet. The dark cap and robes, plain garments, the leather cap and robes, the unlined robe, the dark sash, the red knee cover, and the bamboo tablet. In summer, hemp sandals; in winter, white shoes, all with embroidered edges, dark toe caps and trims, and cord fastenings attached at the heels. Grave goods presented by others are laid out in succession but are not used.\n……